I4BAGS

Open Platform Advanced Tools:

• I4BAGS-Modeller — licence-free CAD modeller developed within the I4BAGS project. Download I4BAGS-Modeller.
• QuickWave STUDENT Release (with BOR Thermal Module of I4BAGS) — or use DEMO/Trial licence.

The increasing worldwide demand for more performing communication means and more efficient energy management has promoted technological breakthrough and transversal scientific endeavours fostering research and innovation towards ever more subtle material scaffold in devices and components. This has been claiming new and often more restricting processing specifications towards smoother operating conditions to be tailored and prevent any damage in the different materials and at their respective interfaces.

This project aims to demonstrate the versatility of low-energy ion implantation (LEII) protocols as a processing tool to locally modify electronic, electrochemical and electrical properties in different materials and structures and exemplified in two different technologies, planar and vertical graphene on silicon carbide devices and thin film post-Li solid state batteries.

The project is therefore to be organised in two materials platforms, depending on the foreseen applications: materials for thin film solid state batteries (TFSSB) and materials for graphene-on-SiC-enabled systems (GRSiC).

Objectives: planned processing encompasses low-energy ion implantation tailored for targeted application. Broad frequency range characterisation methods from DC to millimetre waves supported by suitable modelling and software contribute to describe electrical properties of materials, structures, interfaces and devices. Generated data are to be collected within open innovation environment and disseminated throughout European Materials Communities.

Potential applications: electric transportation, smart metering, power applications and electricity storage solutions. Impact: supported by private stakeholders to promote transfer of innovation to European industries.

Goals

1. Fabrication, processing, characterisation and modelling of thin films for solid-state batteries
   • 25% increase of gravimetric capacity of TFSSB with ion implantation of graphitic cathode
   • 100% increase of battery performance stability upon cycling with ion implantation of interfacial functionalised anode
2. Materials, characterisation and processing for GRSiC enabled systems
   • Demonstration of an optimised planar Hall effect structure based on epitaxial graphene on pre-epitaxially-modified semiinsulating bulk SiC with an increased range of thermally-stable current-mode sensitivity in reference to an unmodified one
   • Demonstration of an optimised vertical PIN-like structure based on epitaxial graphene on pre-epitaxially-modified n-type homoepitaxial SiC
3. Development of advanced microwave and mm-Wave methodologies for the characterisation and modelling of I4BAGS materials and interfaces
   • Application and multiphysics modeling of dielectric resonators to monitor thermally-induced resistivity changes in ion-implanted semiinsulating SiC
   • Microwave to mm-wave electrical characterisation and modelling of ion-implanted electrodes
4. Validation of new characterisation and modelling technologies in relevant environments and development of demonstrators for the dissemination and outreach purposes
   • Production of software and hardware demonstrators

• Dec 14–18, 2025 — Kochi, India IEEE MTT-S & AP-S MAPCON
• Sep 16–19, 2025 — Baie de Saint-Brieuc, France 13th Microwave Materials and their Applications (MMA)
• Sep 15–18, 2025 — Bari, Italy 20th AMPERE
• Jun 24–26, 2025 — Edmonton, Canada 59th IMPI
• Jun 15–20, 2025 — San Francisco, USA IEEE IMS 2025
• Jun 4–6, 2025 — Chania, Greece 6th EEITE
• Jun 2–4, 2025 — Kraków, Poland INDTech 2025
• Apr 8–10, 2025 — Vienna, Austria 5th EMMC Workshop
• Mar 18–20, 2025 — Anaheim, CA, USA IPC APEX EXPO 2025
• Mar 17–19, 2025 — Dresden, Germany GeMiC 2025
• Jan 29–30, 2025 — Vienna, Austria 1st Pan-European Electronics Design Conf. (PEDC)
• Jan 22–24, 2025 — San Juan, PR 5th MTT-S Latin America Microwave Conference (LAMC 2025)
• Jan 19–22, 2025 — San Juan, PR IEEE Radio & Wireless Week (RWW)
• Dec 9–10, 2024 — Belgrade, Serbia OneHealth Stakeholder Meeting – stakeholder visit to VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences
• Oct 1, 2024 — Aix-en-Provence, France International Tokamak Physics Activity – 46th Diagnostic Topical Group
• Sep 22–27, 2024 — Paris, France EuMW 2024
• Sep 16–20, 2024 — Warsaw, Poland HMF-25
• Sep 16–19, 2024 — Warsaw, Poland E-MRS 2024 Fall Meeting
• Aug 11–14, 2024 — Montreal, Canada IEEE NEMO 2024
• Jul 1–4, 2024 — Wrocław, Poland Microwave & Radar Week – MIKON
• Jun 16–21, 2024 — Washington, DC, USA IMS 2024
• Jun 3–5, 2024 — Namur, Belgium INDTech 2024
• Jun 4, 2024 — Warsaw, Poland Space Sector Forum
• May 16, 2024 — Online I4BAGS Public Workshop
• Apr 9–11, 2024 — Anaheim, USA IPC APEX EXPO 2024
• Jan 19–22, 2024 IEEE MTT-S Radio & Wireless Week (with Committee Meetings)
• Oct 25–27, 2023 — Taipei, Taiwan IMPACT 2023
• Sep 25–28, 2023 — Mainz, Germany MMA 2023
• Sep 25–28, 2023 — Noordwijk, Netherlands 41st ESA Antenna Workshop
• Sep 11–14, 2023 — Cardiff, UK AMPERE 2023
• Sep 4–8, 2023 — Gothenburg, Sweden Graphene Week 2023
• Sep 4–8, 2023 — Kraków, Poland EMC Europe 2023
• Jun 28–30, 2023 — Winnipeg, Canada IEEE NEMO 2023
• Jun 27–29, 2023 — Denver, CO, USA IMPI 57
• Jun 20, 2023 — Online 2nd Project Steering Committee Meeting (materials available on the project cloud)
• Jun 11–16, 2023 — San Diego, CA, USA IMS 2023
• May 8–12, 2023 — Noordwijk, Netherlands 1st Space Microwave Week
• Apr 26–28, 2023 — Vienna, Austria 4th EMMC Workshop 2023
• Apr 13, 2023 — Taiwan EU-Taiwan Investment Partnership Forum on EV Clusters — leaflet
• Apr 4, 2023 — Online 1st Project Steering Committee Meeting (materials available on the project cloud)
• Mar 26–31, 2023 — Florence, Italy EuCAP 2023: Presentation & Paper
• Jan 22–25, 2023 — Las Vegas, NV, USA IEEE Radio & Wireless Week: Invited Talk, Women in Microwaves
• Jan 18–20, 2023 — Orlando, FL, USA Electronic Materials & Applications — ACerS
• Jan 10, 2023 — Online I4BAGS technical kick-off meeting
• Nov 14–18, 2022 — Online 2nd IEEE Ukrainian Microwave Week (UkrMW)
• Oct 7, 2022 — Online I4BAGS kick-off meeting
• Sep 26–29, 2022 — Milan, Italy 52nd European Microwave Week
• Sep 12–15, 2022 24th International Microwave and Radar Conference (MIKON)
• Jun 22–25, 2022 — Denver, CO, USA IEEE IMS — seminars & workshop on material measurements; Women in Engineering; Partner exhibits

1. Presentation: I4BAGS technical kick-off meeting, January 10, 2023, Online.
2. Presentation: Microwave characterisation and modelling of materials in European initiative, M. Celuch, 2nd IEEE Ukrainian Microwave Week UkrMW, Nov 14–18, 2022, Online.
3. Presentation: Bridging the gaps between microwave modelling and materials measurements and between women and engineering, EuMW, Milan, Sep 26–29, 2022.
4. Information leaflet on the exhibition — launch of I4BAGS, EuMW 2022, Milan.
5. Workshops: “Microwave and Millimetre-Wave Characterization of Dielectric Sheets” & “Short Course on EM modeling”, Sep 12–14, 2022, MIKON.
6. M. Olszewska-Płacha, E. Możdżyńska, J. Rudnicki, M. Celuch, “2D Imaging Technique for Quantitative and Qualitative Characterisation of High-Resistivity GaN Semiconductor Wafers for Light and Power Electronics”, MIKON 2022, Gdańsk — record • presentation
7. R. Henderson, “Let Them Eat Cake! [President’s Column]”, IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 23, no. 12, Dec 2022 — Article
8. Presentation: Modelling Based Characterisation of Materials from Micro to Millimetre Waves, IEEE RWW – Women in Microwaves, Jan 22, 2023.
9. Presentation: Evaluation and extensions of resonator techniques for the characterization of ceramics and energy materials relevant to 6G applications, EMA 2023, Jan 19, 2023.
10. “Benchmarking Conformal BoR FDTD Algorithm for Efficient mm-Wave Design of Multiflare Antennas”, EuCAP 2023 — Poster • Paper
11. “Advances in computational modeling and materials characterization for microwave power industry and bridging the gap to classical MTT-S disciplines”, IMS 2023 Workshop, Jun 11–16, 2023.
12. Presentation: Ion Implantation for Innovative Interface modifications in BAttery and Graphene enabled Systems, EU-Taiwan Investment Partnership Forum on EV Clusters, Apr 13, 2023.
13. Poster: Twinned Modelling–Characterisation (MODA-CHADA) Solutions…, 4th EMMC Workshop, Apr 26–28, 2023.
14. Movie: Ion Beam Implantation – Smart technology for smart materials, Materia Nova.
15. Presentation: From Computational Electromagnetics to Modelling Based Characterisation of Materials…, 4th EMMC Workshop, Apr 26–28, 2023.
16. Presentation: “Benchmarking of Current Industrial Best Practices…” SMW 2023 — Presentation • Paper
17. Presentation: Advances in Computational Modeling and Materials Characterization for the Microwave Power Industry, IMS 2023, Jun 12, 2023.
18. Presentation: A New Non-Destructive Microwave Technique for Quantitative Testing of Large-Scale Panels of Graphene-Based Polymer Composites for EMI Applications, IMS 2023 MicroApps TUMA23, Jun 13, 2023.
19. “A Fast Modelling-Based Technique for the Characterization of Graphene-Based Polymer Composites”, NEMO 2023 — Presentation • Paper
20. M. Celuch, “Women in Science and Engineering Matinee: WiSE at Microwave and Radar Week 2022”, IEEE Microwave Magazine, Vol. 24, No. 7, Jul 2023.
21. Poster: Layer-Resolved Raman Imaging and Analysis of Parasitic Ad-Layers in Transferred Graphene, Graphene Week 2023.
22. Presentation: Graphene on Silicon Carbide Platform for Magnetic Field Detection under Extreme Temperature Conditions and Neutron Radiation, Graphene Week 2023.
23. Poster: Investigation on Graphene on SiC under Neutron Irradiation by Raman Spectroscopy, Graphene Week 2023.
24. M. Celuch, “Women in Science and Engineering in Krakow: From Legends and Saints to Pioneers in Emancipation”, EMC Europe 2023.
25. “Fast and Rigorous BoR FDTD Algorithm for the Modelling of Coupled EM-Thermal Processes in Axisymmetrical Devices”, AMPERE 2023 — Presentation • Paper
26. M. Celuch, M. Olszewska-Płacha, “Recent Developments and Cross-Calibration of Resonator-Based Techniques for Microwave and mmWave Materials Assessment”, MMA 2023 — conference leaflet
27. Presentation: Characterisation of Compounding Methods for Graphene-Based Thermoplastic Composites using 2D Microwave Imaging Technique, MMA 2023.
28. Presentation: Microwave characterisation of implanted carbon thin films for semiconductor battery applications, MMA 2023 (full paper under review).
29. “Extension of Reference Materials for Standardization in the Production of Large Deployable Antennas”, 41st ESA Antenna Workshop — Presentation • Paper
30. New September flyer for the I4Bags available to download here.
31. M. Celuch, “Modelling-based characterisation of copper foils for mmWave applications”, IMPACT 2023, Taipei, Oct 25–27, 2023.
32. M. Celuch, M. Olszewska-Płacha, Ł. Nowicki, P. Kopyt, J. Cuper, “Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Copper Foils for 5G Applications Using Novel mmWave Resonators”, IPC APEX, Anaheim, Apr 9, 2024 — paper (IPC)
33. I4BAGS Public Workshop: Modelling-Based Characterisation of I4BAGS Materials and Relevance to EMMC Focus Area 1, M. Celuch.
34. I4BAGS Public Workshop: Reduced Graphene Oxide-based Electrodes: Application Perspectives…, A. Romanowska.
35. I4BAGS Public Workshop: Ion Implantation Potentials for Smart Materials…, A. Nasiri.
36. I4BAGS Public Workshop: Ion Implantation for Graphene-Enabled Magnetic Diagnostics…, T. Ciuk.
37. M. Celuch, “Application of Microwave Imaging Techniques for the Characterization of Ion-Implanted Battery Materials”, IMS MicroApps TUMA3, Jun 18, 2024 — Presentation
38. M. Celuch, “Screening of the mmWave Signal Loss Properties of Copper Foils without the Need for Test Circuit Manufacturing”, IMS MicroApps TUMA11, Jun 18, 2024 — Presentation
39. I4BAGS Public Workshop: I4BAGS Open Platform and Request to EMMC for Modelling Inputs, Ł. Nowicki.
40. Ł. Nowicki et al., “Fabrication and Electrical Characterization of Carbon Coating on a Quartz Wafer Treated with Nitrogen Ion Implantation”, Materials Research Bulletin, 179 (Nov 2024) 112940.
41. Ł. Nowicki, M. Celuch, W. Wojtasiak, “Investigation of the Electromagnetic Properties of Silicon Carbide in the mmWave Frequency Range Using Density Functional Theory”, MIKON 2024.
42. Ł. Nowicki, M. Celuch, M. Olszewska-Płacha, “Impact of Substrate Parameters on Sheet Resistance Measurements using iSiPDR at 10 GHz”, MIKON 2024.
43. M. Celuch, Ł. Nowicki, M. Olszewska-Płacha, W. Gwarek, “Towards a Robust BCDR Design for Out-of-Plane Permittivity Measurements”, MIKON 2024.
44. Ł. Nowicki, M. Celuch, M. Olszewska-Płacha, W. Gwarek, “Numerical Electromagnetic Modeling of a BCDR Test-Fixture”, NEMO 2024 — presentation
45. A. Dobrowolski et al., “Spectroscopic Properties of Close-To-Perfect-Monolayer Quasi-Free-Standing Epitaxial Graphene on 6H-SiC(0001)”, Applied Surface Science, 642 (2024) 158617.
46. K. Piętak-Jurczak et al., “Origin of the Double Polarization Mechanism in Aluminum-Oxide-passivated Quasi-free-standing Epitaxial Graphene on 6H-SiC(0001)”, ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 6(3), 1729–1739 (2024).
47. A. Romanowska et al., “Graphene Oxide Paper as a Lightweight, Thin, and Controllable Microwave Absorber for Millimeter-Wave Applications”, IEEE Trans. Nanotechnology, 23, 329–337 (2024).
48. T. Ciuk et al., “Quasi-Free-Standing Epitaxial Graphene on 4H-SiC(0001) as a Two-Dimensional Reference Standard for Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy”, Applied Surface Science, 675 (2024) 160958.
49. A. Dobrowolski et al., “PRISM – Three-Dimensional Sub-Diffractive Phase-Resolved Imaging Spectroscopic Method”, Scientific Reports, 14(1):22468 (2024).
50. T. Ciuk et al., “High-Temperature Thermal Stability of a Graphene Hall Effect Sensor on Defect-Engineered 4H-SiC(0001)”, IEEE Electron Device Letters, 45(10):1957–1960 (2024).
51. A. Dobrowolski, J. Jagiełło, T. Ciuk, “Phase-Resolved 3D Imaging of Graphene Based Heterostructures”, E-MRS Fall 2024 — poster
52. T. Ciuk, “Defect-Engineered Two-Dimensional Graphene-on-Silicon-Carbide Platform for High-Temperature Magnetic Diagnostics in Modern Fusion Reactors”, E-MRS Fall 2024 — presentation
53. T. Ciuk, “Graphene-on-Silicon-Carbide Platform for High-Temperature Magnetic Diagnostics in Modern Fusion Reactors”, HMF-25, Warsaw, Sep 16–20, 2024.
54. T. Ciuk, “Graphene-on-Silicon-Carbide Platform for High-Temperature Magnetic Diagnostic”, ITPA 46th Diagnostic Topical Group Meeting, Aix-en-Provence, Oct 1, 2024 — presentation
55. Ł. Nowicki, A. Romanowska, M. Celuch, A. Chlanda, “2D Imaging of Graphene Oxide Electric Parameters with a 10 GHz Inverted Single-Post Dielectric Resonator”, IEEE LAMC 2025, pp. 62–65.
56. Ł. Nowicki, T. Nalecz, M. Celuch, T. Devahif, J. Rudnicki, “Application of Dual-Mode Ruby Dielectric Resonator for Characterization of Copper Foils in High-Frequency Circuits”, 104th ARFTG, San Juan, Jan 19–22, 2025 — Poster
57. Ł. Nowicki, M. Celuch, M. Olszewska-Płacha, J. Rudnicki, “Enhanced Modeling and Characterization of Copper Foils for PCB Design”, PEDC 2025, Vienna, Jan 29–31, 2025 — Presentation
58. Ł. Nowicki, M. Celuch, J. Rudnicki, “A Specialized Overlay for Advanced Full-Wave Electromagnetic Simulations within 3D CAD Environment”, IPC APEX 2025, Anaheim, Mar 19, 2025 — Presentation
59. W. Gwarek, M. Celuch, Ł. Nowicki, “A Novel Q-Choked Sapphire Sandwiched Resonator for Wideband Measurements of Flat Dielectric Samples,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Letters — DOI:10.1109/LMWT.2025.3568534
60. L. Nowicki, M. Milenkovic, S. Jovanović, M. Olszewska-Placha and M. Celuch, "Material Characterization of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Using Resonance Methods," 2025 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - IMS 2025, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2025, pp. 1013-1016, doi: 10.1109/IMS40360.2025.11103948.